Consumer Electronics RF PCB Design

      Radio frequency technology (RF) is the abbreviation of Radio Frequency. The more common applications are Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), often called inductive electronic chips or proximity cards, proximity cards, contactless cards, electronic tags, electronic barcodes, etc. The principle is that the scanner transmits radio wave energy of a specific frequency to the receiver, which is used to drive the receiver circuit to send out the internal code, and the scanner then receives the code.

      The special feature of the receiver is that it does not need batteries, no contact, and no card swiping, so it is not afraid of dirt, and the chip password is the only one in the world that cannot be copied, with high security and long life. The application of RFID is very extensive. At present, typical applications include animal chips, car chip anti-theft devices, access control, parking lot control, production line automation, and material management.

There are two types of RFID tags: active tags and passive tags.

The basic model of the RFID system is shown in the figure.

Among them, electronic tags are also called radio frequency tags, transponders, and data carriers; readers are also called readout devices, scanners, communicators, and readers (depending on whether the electronic tags can rewrite data wirelessly). The space (non-contact) coupling of radio frequency signals is realized between the electronic tag and the reader through the coupling element, and in the coupling channel, energy transmission and data exchange are realized according to the timing relationship.

There are two types of coupling of RF signals that occur between the reader and the tag.

(1) Inductive coupling. The transformer model realizes coupling through the space high-frequency alternating magnetic field, based on the law of electromagnetic induction, as shown in the figure:

(2) Electromagnetic backscatter coupling: the radar principle model, the emitted electromagnetic waves are reflected after hitting the target, and carry back the target information at the same time, based on the spatial propagation law of electromagnetic waves.

The inductive coupling method is generally suitable for short-range RFID systems with low and high frequency operations. Typical operating frequencies are: 125kHz, 225kHz and 13.56MHz. The recognition distance is less than 1m, and the typical distance is 10-20cm.

The electromagnetic backscatter coupling method is generally suitable for long-distance radio frequency identification systems that work with UHF and microwave. Typical operating frequencies are: 433MHz, 915MHz, 2.45GHz, 5.8GHz. The recognition distance is greater than 1m, and the typical distance is 3-l0m.

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